Persuasive Writing ESL Intermediate Level

Persuasive writing asks the writer to provide arguments for and  against something in order to convince the reader of a point of view. Use these introductory phrases, structures, and phrases to connect your sentences and create a logical flow.   Introductory Phrases Use the phrases below to introduce your arguments are you write to persuade your reader of your opinion.   Expressing Your Opinion Express your opinions as you consider the pros and cons. In my opinion,I feel/think thatPersonally, Showing Contrast These words introduce a sentence to show contrast. However,On the other hand,AlthoughUnfortunately, Ordering Use order to help you move through a persuasive paragraph. First of all,Then,Next,Finally, Summarizing Summarize your opinion at the end of a paragraph.   To sum up,In conclusion,In summary,All things considered, Expressing Both Sides Express both sides of an argument using the following phrases. Pros and cons -  Understanding the pros and cons of this topic is important.Advantages and disadvantages - Lets take a look at the advantages and disadvantages of the topic.Plus and minus - One plus is that its located in the city. One minus is that our costs will increase. Providing Additional Arguments Provide additional arguments in your paragraphs with these structures. What is more, -  What is more, I feel we should consider his opinion.In addition to..., the... -  In addition to his work, the instruction was excellent.Further, -  Further, Id like to show three traits.Not only will..., but... will also... -  Not only will we grow together, but we will also profit from the situation. Tips for Writing a For and Against Argument Use the following tips to help you write short essays using persuasive writing.   Before you begin, write down at least five positive points, and five negative points for your argument.Begin your writing by making a statement about the general statement about the outcome of an action, or the overall situation.Dedicate the first paragraph to one side of the argument. This can be either positive or negative. Generally, it is the side with which you agree.The second paragraph should contain the other side of the argument.The final paragraph should shortly summarize both paragraphs, and provide your own general opinion on the matter. Example Paragraphs: A Short Work Week Read the following paragraphs. Notice that this paragraph presents the pros and cons of a shorter work week. Introducing a short work week may lead to both positive and negative effects on society. For workers, the advantages of shortening the work week include more free time. This will lead to stronger family relationships, as well as better physical and mental health for all. An increase in free time should lead to more service sector jobs as people find ways to enjoy their extra leisure time. What is more, companies will need to hire more workers to keep production up to past levels of a standard forty hour work week. Altogether, these benefits will not only improve quality of life but also grow the economy as a whole. On the other hand, a shorter work week may damage the ability to compete in the global workplace. Moreover, companies may be tempted to outsource positions to countries where longer work weeks are common. Another point is that companies will need to train more workers to make up for the lost productivity hours. To sum up, companies will likely have to pay a steep price for shorter work weeks. In summary, it is clear that there would be a number of positive gains for individual workers if the work week were shortened. Unfortunately, this move could easily cause companies to look elsewhere for qualified staff. In my opinion, the net positive gains outweigh the negative consequences of such a move towards more free time for all. Exercise Choose a for and against argument from one of the following themes Attending College/UniversityGetting MarriedHaving ChildrenChanging JobsMoving Write down five positive points and five negative points.Write down an overall statement of the situation (for introduction and first sentence).Write down your own personal opinion (for the final paragraph).Summarize both sides in one sentence if possible.Use your notes to write a For and Against Argument using the helpful language provided.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay - 1951 Words

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Many studies have established that a developing organism is susceptible to exogenous and endogenous factors during certain stage of the organism’s development. The effects of ethyl alcohol or ethanol on the developing fetus, which manifest a variety of characteristic abnormalities, are collectively called Fetal alcohol Syndrome. Ethanol exposure to the fetus causes various malformation ranging from the cellular to the organismic levels with the eventual results frequently being different levels of mental retardation (3). Chick embryo studies provide a relatively good model for defining the effects of ethanol at many organizational levels of neurogenesis, cell death, neuronal migration and differentiation,†¦show more content†¦The consequences of ethanol are dependent on the time of administration and duration of treatment (3). Animal models have displayed conclusively that alcohol can alter normal development of the central nervous system. Alcohol exposure during development has been shown to modify brain growth, neuronal number, myelination, neurotransmitter levels and receptor binding, synaptogenesis, and many other aspects of neuronal metabolism and morphology. There are indications of alcohol’s immediate or short term teratogenic effects, typically recounting deficits or delays in brain growth parameters, measured in the animals that were still in early stages of development (2). Most infants identified with FAS are microcephalic, hyperactive, and mentally retarded by age four to ten. This persistence of brain dysfunction is what causes the highest human and economic toll (2). Several studies have exhibited reductions in neuronal number in developing animals following alcohol exposure. However, neuronal death is a consequence of normal development. Some neuronal populations maintain a fifty percent reduction in the number before stabilizing in an adult configuration. The possibility exists that developmental alcohol exposure may in at least some circumstances, be accelerating the deaths of only those neurons thatShow MoreRelatedFetal Alcohol Syndrome942 Words   |  4 Pages Fetal Alcohol Syndrome According to Seaver, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is birth defects causing learning, and behavioral problems in individuals whose mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy. This disorder is very serious, yet it is recognized as one of the most preventable. This causes major issues, when something so serious could be prevented but is not. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a problem because it leaves a permanent effect on the unborn child, but some solutions could be educating women andRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome1466 Words   |  6 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome â€Å"If women didn’t drink anymore during pregnancy, there would never be another baby born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Fetal Alcohol Effect† (McCuen 33). This is a very powerful statement. It is also a very simple cure for an alarmingly high birth defect that all women have the power to stop. â€Å"Every year more than 40,000 American children are born with defects because their mother drank alcohol while pregnant â€Å" (McCuen 34). That is 1 to 3 per 1,000 live birthsRead MoreThe Disorder Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1018 Words   |  5 Pagesthe the disorder Fetal Alcohol Syndrome .This paper will aim to discuss what the disorder is ,it s history how it is diagnosed and the treatment and prevention of this disorder. Taking a sip a int hip Introduction :Behold, thou shalt conceive, and bear a son; and now drink no wine nor strong drink, neither eat any unclean thing(Bible-Judges 13:7).It has been known throughout history that the effects of alcohol use in pregnancyRead MoreEssay on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1390 Words   |  6 Pageslead to many severe abnormalities in the growing fetus. More specifically, a disorder that will be explored in this essay is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS); caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Since the alcohol is consumed in such a developing stage of the fetus, it can potentially cause many different complications in the unborn child. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome could easily be prevented with more awareness to the issue and its defining characteristics, how it affects the fetus during growthRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesof prenatal alcohol exposure (Lupton, 2003). This number will only continue to grow if the risk of drinking alcohol while pregnant i s not brought to the people’s attention. When the mother takes a drink of alcohol, so does the fetus, which will cause physical and behavioral problems after birth. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is completely preventable and irreversible. FAS awareness and prevention is important; expectant mothers need to know the background information about the syndrome, some commonRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a condition affecting children born to women who drink heavily during pregnancy. There are three criteria used to describe the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and to make a diagnosis of FAS. The first of these is a pattern of facial anomalies, these features include: #61558; Small eye openings #61558; Flat cheekbones #61558; Flattened groove between nose and upper lip #61558; Thin upper lip These characteristicsRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a mental and physical birth defect. It occurs when a pregnant women consumes high levels of alcohol during her pregnancy. The effects of FAS can be traumatic in some cases, and in others children were slightly affected by exposure to alcohol. FAS has a wide range of effects on the fetus and infant, retarded growth, under developed facial features, slow cognitive development, and many more. The evidence of cases is overwhelming, yet in some societies it is still anRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1522 Words   |  7 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a disorder that can happen to children whose mothers drank sufficient amounts of alcohol sometime throughout their pregnancy. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a condition classified in a group called Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, and is the most known and severe of the group. FAS, depending on the factors such as location, population and race studied is considered one of the leading known causes of mental retardation and birth defects, with 0.2 – 1.5 out of every 1Read MoreEssay on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome2703 Words   |  11 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a pattern of mental, physical, and behavioral defects that may develop in the unborn child when its mother drinks during pregnancy. These defects occur primarily during the first trimester when the teratogenic effects of the alcohol have the greatest effect on the developing organs. The symptoms associated with FAS have been observed for many centuries, but it was not until 1968 that Lemoine and his associates formally described theseRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1100 Words   |  5 Pagesyou want your child to have FAS? Read on and I believe you will come to the same conclusion as I have about FAS. FAS doesn’t sound so bad, but in reality it is. FAS means Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. FAS is a combination of physical and mental defects first evident at a baby’s birth. FAS is a direct result of a woman drinking alcohol during pregnancy. These defects continue through out the child’s life. One in five hundred children are born with FAS. Your baby is at risk no matter how much liquor you

The Constructionist Perspective of Obesity Free Essays

string(376) " child eating and nutrition were meaningfully related to the kinds of foods available in the home and to children’s activities, both potential risk factors for childhood overweight, Gable Lutz, \(2000\) Children’s roles in their own physical health and well-being cannot be discounted however, it is the parent who instill these values into their children\." Abstract In this paper I will explore the social construction of obesity and how it formed into a social problem. Recent and growing media attention surrounding obesity in the United States, the so-called obesity epidemic remains a highly debated scientific and social fact. This paper examines the contemporary obesity debate through systematic examination of the claims and claim-makers involved in the controversy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Constructionist Perspective of Obesity or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will not take sides, but merely show and clearly explain each side’s views on the obesity epidemic. Social Construction of Global Warming . Social Construction Process: Creating a social problem using the social constructionist approach requires an audience who believes that there is in fact a problem before that topic is considered a social problem. There is a process to creating a social problem starting with â€Å"claims, claims-making, audiences and claims competitions. Regardless of whether claims are verbal, visual, or behavioral, they are the social problems work of claims- makers who want to convince audiences how to think about social problems and how to feel about these problems. † (Lose,2009) In this paper I will discuss the process n which obesity is viewed as an epidemic so therefore is a social problem. We have to ask ourselves, who are the people making this claim, who are they trying to target, and are they being successful? In other words is the targeted audience being persuaded in the belief: obesity is an epidemic? In this process I will compare and contrast two arguments dealing with obesity. One set of views is obesity is a problem of individuals making bad choices and on the other hand there is a belief the food industry has increased portion sizes and markets unhealthy food options with high fat, calories etc. So that obesity is understood as more than Just an individual issue. The sub argument is how should treatment is administered. Do healthcare professionals target individuals and teach them a healthy lifestyle or do you target the food industry to make changes in their products? II. Claim-maker of Obesity: The healthcare industry finds the obesity epidemic of great interest due to the strong connection between obesity and obesity related health side effects. Many studies have been done to monitor the increase of obesity with in United States. â€Å"Adult obesity rates increased in 16 states in the past year and did not decline in any state, according to F as in Fat: How Obesity Threatens America’s Future 2011, a report from the Trust for America’s Health (TFH) and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (ROWS). Twelve states now have obesity rates above 30 percent. Four years ago, only one state was above 30 percent. † (â€Å"F as in,† 2011) As a result of these findings augments among health care professionals were establish focusing on the cause of obesity. One group of healthcare professionals believes the problem is an individual person’s poor decision making which leads to obesity. If a person is making bad hoicks in their eating habits and does not exercise then that person will eventually become obese. The other set of professionals would argue it is not in individual choice, but their environment in which they live in. Food companies are targeting their consumers with ads and their increased potion sizes so therefore more and more people are becoming obese. Both sides of the argument believe there is connection between obesity and obesity related health side effects. Each side has different beliefs on how to combat the obesity epidemic. One side of the house is focused on curing obesity while the other side focuses on prevention. A. Individual Problem: Claim-makers who feel obesity is an individual problem use individualism as their targeted moralities. There is a belief system that people embrace individualism, autonomy, and responsibility for their actions. The belief in the importance of individual’s freedom to choose the types of food they consume and to have a more active lifestyle is embraced by most people. It is estimated that the leading cause of death in the United States is caused by â€Å"lifestyle† such as smoking, diet, exercise and sexual practices. (Adler Stewart, 2009) Since studies have shown lifestyle is a cause f obesity, medical professionals using the medical model focus on the individual patient for a cure. They not only focus on lifestyles but genetics and family history. To them behavioral choices and therapy is the main target for intervention. Obesity is more than calories in verses calories out. There are other factors that go into this problem. More and more research is indicating that America’s obesity crisis cannot be blamed entirely on too much fast food and too little exercise. Genetics plays a factor into which people are becoming obese. There are â€Å"natural and synthetic chemicals known as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (Deeds), or as searchers have begun to call them, obsesses. Obsesses are chemicals that disrupt the function of hormonal systems; many researchers believe they lead to weight gain and, in turn, numerous diseases that curse the American populace. † (Perrine Warlock, 2010) Other hormone disorders come into effect such at thyroid, adrenal glands, pituitary glands, ovaries which can also contribute to obesity. In many cases of weight loss management requires a balance of behavioral and medical intervention. This balance is created through the guidance of a physician. Another factor in the rise of obesity is parents of young children who have poor dating habits raise children who are obese. â€Å"Today’s children are the first generation of Americans projected to have a shorter life span than their parents -? with one out of three at risk of developing Type Two diabetes, a crippling disease once seen only in adults. † (Stone, 2006) Parents instill healthy lifestyles in their children. They do this through family democracies, and beliefs and attitudes in eating and physical activity. The significant associations between household, parent, and child variables offer a glimpse into the potential processes at work prior to a child’s status as obese. For instance, measuring of general parenting and parent attitudes to-ward child eating and nutrition were meaningfully related to the kinds of foods available in the home and to children’s activities, both potential risk factors for childhood overweight, Gable Lutz, (2000) Children’s roles in their own physical health and well-being cannot be discounted however, it is the parent who instill these values into their children. You read "The Constructionist Perspective of Obesity" in category "Papers" B. Public Health â€Å"The public health model differs from the medical model not only in its emphasis on prevention but also in its consideration of a wider range of causative factors. † (Adler Stewart, 2009) These factors focus is mainly on the food industry. Their believe system is the food industry exploits people by targeting lower income families and their environment. They do this through marketing, advertisements. Public health approaches in solving obesity does include health education, they approach the problem through legislative and regulatory means. Examples are nutrition standards for school lunch programs; bans on sugar-sweetened beverages in school’s vending machines; requirements for developers of residential subdivisions to include bicycle paths, sidewalks, and parks; and zoning regulations for fast-food outlets. This group is using the moralities of equality of opportunity and equality under the law. Although obesity affects all demographics in the United States, some healthcare professional would argue obesity is target. Racial and ethnic minority adults, and those with less education or who make less money continue to have the highest overall obesity rates† (â€Å"F as in,† 2011) Published finding have reveal companies who produce products such as sodas, candies and alcoholic beverages target minorities verses the general audience. These advertisements are found on billboards in communities in predominantly African American and Hispanic. The advertisements are also seen in commercials and magazines th at target African American and Hispanic audiences. The environment in which people live directly affects people food choices. Lewis and colleagues (2005) also identified substantially more point-of-sale advertising and promotion of unhealthful foods in restaurants in low-income African American and Latino communities than in more affluent white communities in Los Angels County. (Yankee, Cole, Brown, Williams, Hillier, Kline, Ashes Beckman, 2009) Opportunities for physical activity, in low income neighborhoods are very low. Parks and walk able areas are scarce. Perceptions of resource quality, safety, and cultural relevance also affect physical activity levels. Research as concluded safety and quality factors in traffic fatalities, crime rates and park size effect obesity rates because counter to predictions, subpopulations generally considered vulnerable to obesity (and environmental injustices more generally) are more likely to live in willable neighborhoods and have better walking access to neighborhood parks than other groups. However, crime is highest in willable neighborhoods with large Latino and African-American populations and parks are smaller in areas populated by Latino/as. Given the higher prevalence of obesity and related diseases in lower income and minority populations the results suggest that benefits of built environments may be offset by social characteristics Ill. Audiences: The target audience for awareness of the obesity as a social problem targets every U. S. Citizen. Obesity is becoming a worldwide problem however the United States in the lead globally ranking the highest rates of obesity. Mainly the focuses is on physicians, nurses, dieticians/Dart’s, nutritionists, fitness professionals, health educators, public health professionals, social workers, psychologists, physical harpists, occupational therapists, teachers, administrators and school counselors. The other side tries to appeal to lawyers, food companies, and political representatives. These groups of people have the tools to promote change. IV. Power Relationships: As the obesity epidemic continues to intensify, it’s becoming clear that there’s more to obesity than lifestyle choices. Therefore, endocrinologists carefully examine the genetic and physiological causes and effects of obesity and develop treatment options that can produce concrete results. Endocrinologists are doctors that are facially trained to diagnose and treat diseases related to the body endocrine system – which regulates appetite, metabolism (food burning and waste elimination), and growth through chemicals known as hormones (â€Å"Combating obesity,† 2012) The same lawyers who battle the cigarette makers are now fighting the food companies. Dry, William Jacobs says â€Å"From the days of â€Å"reefer madness,† that old anti- drug movie, the word â€Å"addiction† has conjured images of out-of-control behavior. But today, cutting edge science is shedding new light on addiction and its connection to chemical changes in the brain. If those changes can lead to compulsive behavior, mom scientists wonder if fatty foods and drugs Just might have more in common† (Stone, 2006) While most consumers would say what you eat is your choice. It’s a matter of personal responsibility what you eat, but several academics and lawyers are arguing you’re far less free to choose what’s on your plate than you realize. While each group is made up of professionals who are notable, it is matter of persuading the audience to which solution is correct. V. Conclusion: Targeting obesity has support across the political spectrum. In the US, discussions of the supposed obesity epidemic usually take place within the context of a larger concussion, which assumes that the increasing weight of the population is a sign of increasing moral laxity and that overweight and obesity are playing a significant role in driving up health care costs. This linkage is attractive for those who are ideologically committed to a focus on ‘individual responsibility, rather than on structural factors that continue to drive health care costs ever upward, and leave one out of every seven Americans without health insurance of any kind. Anxieties about increasing weight resonate with those on the left of the political spectrum as well, ho tend to interpret the ‘obesity epidemic’ as both a by-product and a symbol of rampant consumer overcompensation and greedy corporations. Camps, Sashay, Reemerges, Oliver, Greaser, 2005) In this paper I have shown the construction of obesity as a social problem has been made through a series of steps used in the social construction of a social problem. Claims were made by those who feel obesity is problem of individual making bad lifestyle choices and those who feel is the food industry plays a huge role in why more people are obese today. Both groups validate obesity is an epidemic and th erefore a social problem however these groups battle the way we are to combat this problem. How to cite The Constructionist Perspective of Obesity, Papers

Operations Management for CQuest Marine Laboratory- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theOperations Management for CQuest Marine Laboratory. Answer: Introduction The major idea is concerned with the management and administration of the practices or the methodologies which can be adjusted by the business association for the production of the proficiency so as to attain a greater level of effectiveness in the operations and functionalities. Operations administration likewise includes the change of the materials and work into products and ventures for achieving the best level of profitability. The core concern of the community is to keep up the harmony between the expenses and the incomes for accomplishing the most elevated net benefit for the business association. Moreover, the management involves the utilization of workforce, materials, instruments and the innovation, though the managers get, create and convey the results to the customers and potential clients which depends on the requests of the customers and capacities of the business association (Pwc 2017). The idea is a way more extensive term and handles number of complex operations insid e the business association, for example, deciding the size of the assembling plants, methodologies and strategies for extend administration and furthermore the usage of the structure of data innovation systems. There are various operational issues which are incorporated into this idea, for example, the issues like keeping up the stock levels, including the WIP levels, and crude materials procurement, dealing with the crude materials and quality control. Operations administration additionally includes directing, outlining, controlling, the different techniques inside an association, for example, fabricating and updating or changing the creation of merchandise and ventures. The underneath exhibited report has been examined and made concentrated on CQuest marine laboratory. The further analysis comprises of the current operations which are executed within the business corporation and also the identification of the operational issues will be done. Current operations of CQuest marine laboratory The business entity has been focusing on the juggling strategy for targeting the audience. On the basis of this approach the organization switches on the various target segments of the consumers which are all around the cellular layout of the marine laboratory. Maintaining quality in the services offered by the business entity can also be considered as one of operations and which is kept to be on priority as quality of the services will determine the satisfaction level of the consumers and which is an essential component in the growth and success of any of the business entity (online.kettering 2016). Moreover the business entity keeps on emerging and introducing innovations into the business operations and the day-to-day functionalities, for instance underwater observation has been made possible for the tourists by making use of a tubular walkway and also tourists are made able to swim and can participate through snorkeling or diving tours. Management of end-to-end experiences for the tourists has been modified and designed so as to provide them with the best level of satisfaction which in-turn will bring growth and success for the organization. The business entity has been mainly and mostly focusing on the value-adding activities and operations. These activities has been considered as the main and centered on the platform and eco-marine science interaction and experience for tourists (Tourismandmore 2008). Also customer satisfaction has been on the top priority for the business entity and for which number of initiatives is executed by the corporation, this enables them in the attainment of competitive advantage in the business environment. Issues and root cause of the same The changing marketing trends has been considered as one of the biggest issue for any of the business organization, as coping-up with the same will make the entity to make number of adjustments. These adjustments are not all the time proven positive and beneficial for the entity. Intensification in the competitive environment has made the business corporations to adopt new and advanced strategies so as to deal with the same. Rivalry and intensification in the competitive environment has become one of the biggest issue and threat for the organization (Tarlow 2016). Day-to-day operations are overseen for top execution, with the goal that it expands its benefits while limiting its dangers, expenses and misfortunes. In any case, in this present reality administration must make steady exchange offs in the hazard cost-misfortune condition, if all it's the organization's operational foundation lined up with its present procedure (Heizer, 2016). And for maintaining an appropriate balance the management of CQuest marine laboratory is required to be crystal clear in terms of operational goals and also development of key performance metrics which will be enabling the organization to manage the operations. Improper optimization of the values of the permits granted to the corporation has been observed to be one of the problems in the operational activities. For instance, the grants enable 120 individuals to visit the stage at any one time. This implies on the off chance that they could secure a quicker sailboat, they could run two tourism turns every day; one in the morning withdrawing the stage at noon, and one touching base for an evening visit as the morning bunch withdraw. Moreover it has also been observed that the business organizations has been relying too much on the traditional tourism supply chain for sourcing the passenger loadings (Slack, 2015). One of the main issues which is faced by the CQuest marine laboratory are the problems which is occurred due to the natural calamities Identification of the problems Hardly any individuals would scrutinize that tourism and travel can be profoundly unpredictable businesses (Krajewski, Ritzman Malhotra, 2013). A lot of the business is subject to the leisure travelers. Be that as it may, tourism is made out of recreation explorers as well as different gatherings, for example, business voyagers, and these non-leisure travelers regularly act and spend similarly as recreation explorers. Tourism and travel experts realize that their industry is presented to political, wellbeing, and financial undulations. It has been observed that these good and bad times are outside of tourism and travel experts' control. While to some degree industry pioneers are compelled to respond to conditions outside of their control, an attention to current difficulties can help these pioneers to plan for inevitable difficulties and to look for routes in which to decrease the negative effect of critical conditions. The tourism sector has been diversified in varied industries an d amusement parks are considered as one of the largest category. This industry provides a huge contribution on a large scale in the development and stability of the economy (Hitt, Carnes Xu, 2016). Despite the industry is a rapidly growing business in the sector but then also is facing a number of challenges which are being presented as follows: Tourism is an exceptionally burdened industry. Barely any individuals, outside of the tourism and travel industry, acknowledge exactly what number of expenses travellers pay. On the basis of the research executed at the level of charges paid on the tickets of amusement parks, airlines ticket, an inn room, or a rental auto. It has also been observed that in a few areas (be that neighborhood a nation, city, state or region) right around 40% of the commoditys cost originates from add-on charges (Khanna, 2015). At the point when government authorities assert that they should give extra assurance administrations to non-inhabitants they frequently neglect to consider exactly how much cash non-occupants add to a neighborhood economy through buys as well as through the installment of charges. Global institutionalization has delivered less one of kind regions. The globalized commercial center implies that regularly similar items are accessible all through the world. In the event that piece of the purpose behind travel is to find out about or have the chance to investigate the novel and extraordinary, at that point the equivalence factor is a noteworthy tourism challenge (Robinsonc et al., 2016). For instance, most of the amusement parks far and wide frequently appear to offer similar services and numerous voyagers observe lodgings to be standardized to the point that they practically overlook in what province the inn is found. The concerned sector depends largely on the cost and expenses done on the fuels utilized for running the machineries and the rides in the amusement parks (Mok, Sparks Kadampully, 2013). The expenses incurred are very much high and this has becoming and raising as one of the biggest problem for the industry. The current ascent in the cost of fuel, for example, gas majorly affects the whole business. Summer is the high season for water and amusement parks and with the cost of gas on the ascent, numerous explorers may need to modify their spending (or excursion length) to pay for extra fuel charges (Morrison, 2013). Those regions that are considering this test and looking for innovative arrangements will be the ones best arranged to beat this test. Safety and security has been considered as one of the biggest concern for the above mentioned industry and is also a noteworthy test to the whole sector (Wilks, Stephen Moore, 2013). On the basis of the survey it has been noted that tourism and travel industry ought to have gotten a noteworthy reminder on September 11, 2001. Shockingly numerous industry pioneers basically gave lip-administration to security issues instead of going up against the issue. An excessive number of tourism workplaces or tradition and guests agencies have no contact with their local police authorities. An excessive number of police officers are under trained (tourism situated policing/security administrations). Excessively few city boards or local governing authorities have given their security offices (e.g. arrangement divisions) with the monetary and labor assets to ensure the guest and tourism offices. No people group has done a tourism security appraisal of its industry's work force and locales (Witt, B rooke Buckley, 2013). Unless the guest's security turns into an essential concentration of concern, numerous tourism and travel goals may confront incredible monetary misfortunes later on. The political and the conditions which are raised by the governing authorities have become one of the biggest for the industry (Galliers Leidner, 2014). And on the global grounds the concerned tourism will be facing more and new issues which are more complicated and confusing. For instance the For instance, regardless of governments guaranteeing that they bolster tourism, visa confinements have turned out to be more muddled. Besides, no country is by all accounts invulnerable from road showings, politically roused riots, and demonstrations of psychological oppression, wars or bureaucratic formality (Mahadevan, 2015). These conditions not just give negative reputation to the host area, yet additionally make travel more troublesome and less engaging. Conclusion In the limelight of the above executed analysis it has been inferred that the above report has been presented for applying the principles, theories, and approaches of the operations management in CQuest marine laboratory. The report has also been presenting the current operations and functionalities which are executed within the organizational structure of the firm. Moreover, the report comprises of the discussion of the operational issues and also the root cause for the same. The further analysis involves the identification of the problems within the sector. References Galliers, R. D., Leidner, D. E. (Eds.). (2014).Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Heizer, J. (2016).Operations Management, 11/e. Pearson Education India. Hitt, M. A., Carnes, C. M., Xu, K. (2016). A current view of resource based theory in operations management: A response to Bromiley and Rau.Journal of Operations Management,41(10), 107-109. Khanna, R. B. (2015).Production and operations management. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Krajewski, L. J., Ritzman, L. P., Malhotra, M. K. (2013).Operations management: processes and supply chains(Vol. 1). New York, NY: Pearson. Mahadevan, B. (2015).Operations management: Theory and practice. Pearson Education India. Mok, C., Sparks, B., Kadampully, J. (2013).Service quality management in hospitality, tourism, and leisure. Routledge. Morrison, A. M. (2013).Marketing and managing tourism destinations. Routledge. Online.kettering. (2016). What are the current 5 challenges of operations management?Assessed on 18th August 2017, https://online.kettering.edu/news/2016/10/18/what-are-5-current-challenges-operations-management. Pwc. (2017). Operations. Assessed on 18th August 2017, https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/operations.html. Robinson, P., Fallon, P., Cameron, H., Crotts, J. C. (Eds.). (2016).Operations management in the travel industry. CABI. Slack, N. (2015).Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Tarlow, P. E. (2016). Issues facing travel and tourism industry. Assessed on 18th August 2017, https://eturbonews.com/136067/issues-facing-travel-and-tourism-industry. Tourismandmore. (2008). Some of the major current issues confronting tourism, Assessed on 18th August 2017, https://www.tourismandmore.com/tidbits/some-of-the-major-current-issues-confronting-tourism/. Wilks, J., Stephen, J., Moore, F. (Eds.). (2013).Managing tourist health and safety in the new millennium. Routledge. Witt, S. F., Brooke, M. Z., Buckley, P. J. (2013).The Management of International Tourism (RLE Tourism). Routledge.

History of Red Bull Company

Table of Contents Introduction Discussion People Element Place Element Physical presence Conclusion and Recommendations List of References Introduction Red Bull is one of the leading energy drinks manufacturer and distributor in the world. The firm was started in 1987 in Thailand, and has since gained a global market coverage. According to Lehmann (2005, p. 138), this firm experienced massive success in 1990s because this industry was less competitive. The company chose a market niche that had few players.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on History of Red Bull Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of the major firms in this industry were manufacturing and distributing fizzy drinks and other beverages. Coming with the energy drinks was seen as a unique trend, and this earned this firm a lot of market share during its early stages of existence. The firm has been able to expand to other internation al markets, especially in Europe and the United States. The report by Lehmann (2005, p. 140) shows that it is the world’s largest energy drinks manufacturer and distributer. The success of Red Bull in the market can be attributed to the three elements of marketing which include people, place, and physical evidence. Red Bull has been successful because of the employees involved in the firm at various capacities. The place element of marketing mix has also been very important in helping the firm achieve maximum success. Physical evidence has also played a major role in helping this firm to succeed. This research will analyze these factors in order to determine their relevance to the performance of this firm. Discussion Red Bull’s success in the market can be attributed to the three marketing elements mentioned above. According to Ewbank and Foulger (2010, p. 26), it is always important to analyze some of the specific success factors in an organization based on the market ing mix elements. Upon a critical study of Red Bull, the researcher has been able to determine that the three elements of people, place, and physical evidence have played a major role in helping this firm achieve success in the market. It would be important to understand how individual element have helped this firm achieve success.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People Element People form one of the most important elements of marketing mix within an organization. Success of a firm always depend on the activities of its employees. According to Ewbank and Foulger (2010, p. 27), employees form the most important resource within an organization. They carry the vision of an organization, and their skills, talents, and level of dedication would always determine success of an organization. At Red Bull, the employees have played an important role in helping it achieve its current success. The firm has been on hiring competent employees with the capacity of meeting the demands of the dynamic market. The firm has been keen to ensure that its recruitment procedure is rigorous, and only passionate and talented employees are hired. The company has various recruitment processes that ensure they get the right people for various responsibilities within the company. Employees hired through such rigorous processes are nurtured by the company through in-service trainings and participation in relevant responsibilities in order to help them develop their careers. The company has put measures to monitor its sales team to ensure that they are working within the expectations of the firm. This element has played a major role in the recent expansion of this firm (Lehmann 2005, p. 143). Red Bull has kept a team of highly motivated employees who are able to meet the changing needs of consumers. Its marketing personnel has been actively conducting market research in orde r to gain understanding of the changing marketing forces. If this firm maintains this group of motivated employees, then chances are high that it is destined to greater success. Place Element A firm must define a clear method that it uses to make its products reach consumers in good time and in good quality. A sound choice needs to be made on whether the company would sell its products through direct representation or strategic distributors. Red Bull has been keen on selecting the right channels of distributing its products in the global market.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on History of Red Bull Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Red Bull started by distributing its products to small distribution outlets like health clubs and bars during its early stages of existence. However, this distribution strategy changed when the firm started experiencing market growth. The management realized that it coul d no longer rely on the simpler distribution strategies that it had been using within its hometown. The management had to define a new distribution strategy that would meet the changing market demands, especially when it went global with its products. To penetrate new markets, the management of Red Bull has been targeting strategic distributors to ensure that its products reach the global market. One of the strategies that the firm has been using in the past is strategic alliance formation with specific wholesalers, large retailers and other distributers in different markets to ensure that its products are made available in the global market. Strategic alliances offer a viable option for this firm to make its products available in the global market without the need to have its own employees spread across the world. In situations where strategic alliances are not viable, Red Bull has rented its own warehouses and distributed its products using various transport systems. However, it i s important to note that this method has come with increased capital investment that Red Bull must incur. Although its gives this company more autonomy in distribution of its products, the costs reduces profitability. This explains why the management of Red Bull has been seeking strategic alliances with various firms in the global market. Red Bull has considered the use of technology to enhance the place element of the marketing mix. The firm has considered using vending machines to distribute its products, especially in gyms, clubs, and universities in selected cities. Such a move increases awareness of its products to a larger market segment enabling the company to increase its market share. These alternative distribution channels has helped this firm to increase sales. The use of the vending machines has however, met some resistance in the market. The place element has also been enhanced through the use of internet. Red Bull has used internet to market its products globally.Adver tising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The firm has also been very active in the social media as a way of increasing the geographic market for its products. Most of its major adverts have been made through social media such as Facebook, YouTube, and Tweeter. The company has adopted this strategy because most of its customers are actively on social media. Physical presence According to Kotler (2005, p. 114), consumers in the current market have become very critical of the physical appearance of the places where they make their purchases. Initially, firms ignored the importance of the physical structure they used to deliver their products to the consumers. For instance, many firms did not bother about the appearance of the shops as long as customers were able to get the products they desired within the right time. However, this has changed over the recent years, and Red Bull is one of the firms that have realized the importance of the beautifying the facilities they use to deliver the products to their customers. The physi cal attractiveness of the exterior and interior facilities that firms use have currently been used by the customers to judge the quality of products that a firm delivers, and its commitment to the customers. When a customer is exposed to a poorly designed shopping facility, they would always make a negative judgment about the firm and all its products. The management of Red Bull has come up with elaborate programs that have changed the physical appearance of its shopping facilities. Over the past one decade, this firm has changed the design of most of its facilities (Kotler 2005, p. 115). At its production plant, the firm has ensured that employees are provided with attractive and safe working stations that offers them motivation. This has helped improve their performance. The firm has also restricted its stores that it uses to sell its products directly to consumers. One of the issues that has been raising a lot of concern in the market is the need to have many exists at these shop ping malls for the purpose of enhancing security. The management of Red Bull has responded positively to this requirements. The firm has also constructed beautiful outlets in a number of locations within the United States and other major markets around the world. This helps in convincing its customers that it is committed to offering them products of high quality. Conclusion and Recommendations It is clear from the analysis of the three elements of marketing mix that Red Bull has been using that the market is getting increasingly competitive. This firm must come up with clear systems that would enable it manage the future market in order to remain competitive in the future market. The analysis shows that Red Bull has done performed well in managing the current market forces. The firm has tried to be dynamic in order to change with the changing market forces. However, the firm should consider the following recommendations if it expects to gain competitive advantage over its rivals in this industry. When dealing with people as one of the elements of marketing mix, the management should try to focus on nurturing talents among its employees. The current competitive market requires innovative minds that can enable the firm to come up with new ideas of handling various activities within the firm. The place element of marketing mix need to involve extensive use of the modern technologies in order to reach customers. Technology has reduced the world into a small global village. It order to maximize benefits of this village, Red Bull should use modern technologies of communication to each out to the global consumers. Physical evidence always portrays a firm’s commitment towards delivering value to its customers. The management should make an effort to beautify most of its physical facilities, especially at its outlets. Customers will always make a judgment of the value of products they purchase from this firm by analyzing the appearance of these physical facili ties. List of References Ewbank, A Foulger, T 2010, ‘Red Bull, Starbucks, and the Changing Face of Teacher Education’, The Phi Delta Kappan, vol. 92. no. 2, pp. 25-28. Kotler, P 2005, ‘The Role Played by the Broadening of Marketing Movement in the History of Marketing Thought’, Journal of Public Policy Marketing, vol. 24 no. 1, pp. 114-186. Lehmann, D 2005, ‘Dimensions of Marketing’s Relationship to Society’, Journal of Public Policy Marketing, vol. 24. no. 1, pp. 137-142. This research paper on History of Red Bull Company was written and submitted by user Isabell Wilkinson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Crimes of Tookie Williams

The Crimes of Tookie Williams On February 28, 1979, Stanley Williams murdered Albert Lewis Owens during a robbery of a 7-Eleven convenience store in Whittier, California. Here are the details of that crime from the Los Angeles County District Attorneys response to Williams petition for executive clemency. Late on the evening of February 27, 1979, Stanley Tookie Williams introduced his friend Alfred Coward, a.k.a. Blackie, to a man named Darryl. A short time later, Darryl, driving a brown station wagon, drove Williams to the residence of James Garrett. Coward followed in his 1969 Cadillac. (Trial Transcript (TT) 2095-2097). Stanley Williams often stayed at the Garrett residence and kept some of his belongings there, including his shotgun. (TT 1673, 1908). At the Garrett residence, Williams went inside and returned carrying a twelve-gauge shotgun. (TT 2097-2098). Darryl and Williams, with Coward following in his car, later drove to another residence, where they obtained a PCP-laced cigarette, which the three men shared. Williams, Coward, and Darryl then went to the residence of Tony Sims. (TT 2109). These four men then discussed where they could go in Pomona to make some money. (TT 2111). The four men then went to yet another residence where they smoked more PCP. (TT 2113-2116). While at this location, Williams left the other men and returned with a .22 caliber handgun, which he also put in the station wagon. (TT 2117-2118). Williams then told Coward, Darryl and Sims they should go to Pomona. In response, Coward and Sims entered the Cadillac, Williams and Darryl entered the station wagon, and both cars traveled on the freeway toward Pomona. (TT 2118-2119). The four men exited the freeway near Whittier Boulevard. (TT 2186). They drove to a Stop-N-Go market and, at Williams direction, Darryl and Sims entered the store to commit a robbery. At the time, Darryl was armed with the .22 caliber handgun. (TT 2117-2218; Tony Sims Parole Hearing Dated July 17, 1997). Johnny Garcia Escapes Death The clerk at the Stop-N-Go market, Johnny Garcia, had just finished mopping the floor when he observed a station wagon and four black men at the door to the market. (TT 2046-2048). Two of the men entered the market. (TT 2048). One of the men went down an aisle while the other approached Garcia. The man that approached Garcia asked for a cigarette. Garcia gave the man a cigarette and lit it for him. After approximately three to four minutes, both men left the market without carrying out the planned robbery. (TT 2049-2050). He Would Show Them How Williams became upset that Darryl and Sims did not commit the robbery. Williams told the men that they would find another place to rob. Williams said that at the next location all of them would go inside and he would show them how to commit a robbery. Coward and Sims then followed Williams and Darryl to the 7-Eleven market located at 10437 Whittier Boulevard. (TT 2186). The store clerk, 26-year-old Albert Lewis Owens, was sweeping the stores parking lot. (TT 2146). Albert Owens is Killed When Darryl and Sims entered the 7-Eleven, Owens put the broom and dustpan down and followed them into the store. Williams and Coward followed Owens into the store. (TT 2146-2152). As Darryl and Sims walked to the counter area to take money from the register, Williams walked behind Owens and told him shut up and keep walking. (TT 2154). While pointing a shotgun at Owens back, Williams directed him to a back storage room. (TT 2154). Once inside the storage room, Williams, at gunpoint, ordered Owens to lay down, mother f*****. Williams then chambered a round into the shotgun. Williams then fired the round into the security monitor. Williams then chambered a second round and fired the round into Owens back as he lay face down on the floor of the storage room. Williams then fired again into Owens back. (TT 2162). Near Contact Wound Both of the shotgun wounds were fatal. (TT 2086). The pathologist who conducted the autopsy on Owens testified that the end of the barrel was very close to Owens body when he was shot. One of the two wounds was described as . . . a near contact wound. (TT 2078). After Williams murdered Owens, he, Darryl, Coward, and Sims fled in the two cars and returned home to Los Angeles. The robbery netted them approximately $120.00. (TT 2280). Killing All White People Once back in Los Angeles, Williams asked if anyone wanted to get something to eat. When Sims asked Williams why he shot Owens, Williams said he didnt want to leave any witnesses. Williams also said he killed Owens because he was white and he was killing all white people. (TT 2189, 2193). Later that same day, Williams bragged to his brother Wayne about killing Owens. Williams said, you should have heard the way he sounded when I shot him. Williams then made gurgling or growling noises and laughed hysterically about Owens death. (TT 2195-2197). Next: The Brookhaven Robbery-Murders

Discuss the argument and evidence for the view that the roles of women Essay

Discuss the argument and evidence for the view that the roles of women and men in the family have changed significantly over the past 50 years - Essay Example Women have travelled a long way in the past 50 years as compared to their male counterparts and embark changes in the lifestyles. In the present era, women are getting married later and giving birth later in life; they make up 50 percent of the work force and also have immensely shifted the roles in families. This move of women is in the direction of equality. Besides performing the role as a good worker in the job which was initially the men’s territory, women do perform multiple roles at the family front like maintaining quality of marital relationships, looking after the household activities (Bernades, 1997). The division of domestic labour has also witnessed changes in the patterns of time spent by men and women (Cheal, 2002). In support of this, there had been a reduction in gender inequality in the performance of some of the normatively feminine-associated tasks, a larger proportional increase in the time contributed to domestic work tasks by men from lower socio-economic strata, to a position of near equality with men from higher socio-economic positions, and a substantial increase in more `egalitarian couples (Chafe, 1991). Womens lives today are spectacularly unlike from those of their mothers and grandmothers. Women are developing an independent thinking and this is displayed in the nature of their choices that eventually prepares them for longer lives, significant labor force contribution with matrimony and children moreover, they know that they are contributing to their own economic well-being, by gaining more education, and proving themselves in well-paying employment (Chafe,1991). On the same memorandum, mens roles have also changed in the past 50 years. Men have more responsibilities in the home and in caring for the children - and the majority of men now level having free time with family this has become

The Role of Time Value in Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Role of Time Value in Finance - Essay Example This paper illustrates that time value in finance is considering two views. That time value has future value and present value. A timeline that compounds to find future value and discounting to find present value shows compounding and discounting. Most financial managers will make decisions at time zero. That means that they rely primarily on present value techniques. The time value of money can show a personal finance example too. John Doe places $100 in a savings account paying 8% interest compounded annually at the end of 1 year he will have $108 in the account. The initial principal of $100 plus 8% or $8 in interest will appear in the account at the end of the year. The personal finance example would show that Jane Doe places $800 in a savings account paying 6% interest compounded annually. She wants to know how much money will be in the account at the end of 5 years. Time value of money is a critical financial tool to use as a financial manager or to figure one's own individual finances. The second most important concept is that a financial manager must learn to assess two key determinants:   risk and return.   The risk is the chance of financial loss.   Assets having greater chances of loss, viewed as riskier than those with lesser chances of loss are. In financial management, the risk is a term that is interchangeable with uncertainty to refer to the variability of returns associated with an asset.We need to understand what return is and how to measure it. The return is the total gain or loss experienced on an investment over a given period.   

Matrix analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Matrix analysis - Essay Example This will simply enhance the level of competition (Dcstrategy.com). For the 5 years period, ranging from 2012- 2017, it can be said that the forecasted annual growth rate is around 3 – 5% per annum. This growth will be the upshot of the fact that the health benefit industry will be increasingly moving towards the point of maturity over the period of 5 years, thereby providing more opportunities and avenues for growth for businesses related to the health benefits sector (Dcstrategy.com) The health and fitness club, CBD Health Spa is highly focused on providing high level, customized service for the customers, while increasingly taking into account the diversified and personalized needs of each customer (cbdhealthspa.com) The health and fitness club provides highly dedicated customer services to its customers, who focus on giving the customers, with the required level of motivation that is needed for maintaining continuity of the exercise and thereby helping them to gain benefits out of the program. SO: In order to take maximum advantage of the high growth possibilities in the future, the CBD Health Spa can focus on launching new clubs in new regions while offering the diversified gamut of services to the new customers. ST: In an attempt to prohibit the threat of low barriers to entry and emergence of new competitors, the brand can opt for forming a joint venture with some of the major players, thereby safeguarding themselves from being eradicated due to competition from strong market players. WO: The club can focus on opening new centers in new areas and taking advantage of the prospective growth opportunities that are being promoted by the government. This will eradicate the weakness of the club’s limited existence in only a particular location. WT: The WT is focused on reducing the weakness and threats (Koontz & Weihrich, 2006, p. 108). The club can increasingly build up on the brand

Share Repurchase and Taxation among UK Companies

Share Repurchase and Taxation among UK Companies The aim of the research project is to examine the relationship between share repurchase and taxation in the UK companies. Project Objectives To examine the motivations of share repurchase in the United Kingdom. To analyze the recent trend in share repurchases over last 20 decades among UK companies. To explore the relationship between shares repurchase with taxation in the UK companies. To explore the impacts of taxation on share repurchase activity for UK companies Context For decades, most of the corporations are preferred to pay out cash in the form of dividends rather than share repurchases, despite the relative tax advantage of capital gains over ordinary income. In some countries, such as U.S. and UK, companies can buy back their own shares in the stock market, also known as a share repurchase. In the last 20 decades, share buybacks become extremely popular in the United States. According to aggregate data from Compustat, companies announced share repurchases increased from 4.8 percent in 1980 to 41.8 percent in 2000, while dividends only grew at an average annual rate of 6.8 percent (Grullon Ikenberry, 2002). Researchers also found that during 1985 to 1999, corporations in the U.S. announced intentions to repurchase about $750 billion of stock (Vermaelen Rau, 2002). Moreover, studies show that from 1999 to 2000, industrial firms spent more money on share repurchases than on dividend pay out, and that is the first in history, share repurchases p rograms have become more popular than dividends (Grullon Ikenberry, 2002). What are the reasons for the companies buy back their own shares. Jensen (1986) pointed that firms repurchase stock to distribute excess cash flow. A share repurchase distributes cash to existing shareholders in exchange for a fraction of the firms outstanding equity. This hypothesis has been supported by Stephens and Weisbachs (1998) study. They found share buy backs have a positive relationship with the level of corporation cash flow. Moreover, they also found a negative relationship between share repurchase and prior stock returns, which means, firm repurchase when their share prices are undervalued in stock market. This theory has been supported by Vermaelens (1981) study. He found that firms repurchase stock when they are undervalued and have the excess cash to distribution. In later studies, researchers pointed that firms may repurchase stock to increase their leverage ratio (Opler and Titman, 1996). For the tax perspectives, researchers pointed that tax changes have a major impact on share repurchase. In the UK, companies are sensitive to tax environmental changes. For example, studies shows that in 1994, there were significant increase in the number of open-market stock repurchase programs. This cause by the introduction of tax favored agency share repurchases programs (Vermaelen Rau, 2002). But in 1996, when the tax credit given to tax exempt pension funds in agency buybacks was abolished, the number of the companies announced share repurchase fell significantly. However, in 1997, when all tax credits were abolished, share repurchase became popular again. As some evidence showing above, share repurchase become more popular than any time in the history. Researchers stated that the majority of companies start to use cash payouts to shareholders through share buybacks rather than cash dividend (Grullon Michaely, 2002). Therefore, it is important to better understand the motivation behind the recent surge in share repurchase activity. Although, share buy backs growing popularity, most of the established studies focus on the U.S. firms. Whether the share buybacks in UK as popular as in the U.S., because the different of tax and regulation systems between this two countries. The aim of the research will not only enhance our understanding of corporation pay out policy but also examine the share repurchases programs under UK taxation system and how this impacts effect on UK companies payout strategies. Moreover, the reason for me to focus on the UK companies rather than other EU companies because there have lacks of share repurchase activities in Europe countries. According to the Securities Data Corporation (SDC) reports shows that during 1980 to 1998, there were only 489 stock buybacks announcements made by European companies. And nearly 60% of those announcements were made by the UK companies. There have various reasons for the lack of share buy back activities in EU companies. Firstly, share repurchase is still illegal in some European countries, such as France and Germany. Secondly, some countries proposed specific tax provisions to discourage share buy backs. For example, in Netherland have the high taxes on dividends and low taxes on capital gains. Thirdly, the share repurchase do not fit European company culture. Traditionally, most European companies focus on maximizing stakeholders value rather than shareholders value (Vermaelen Rau, 2002). Moreover, in European countrie s the stakeholders (such as managers, banks) prefer to maximize the size of the companies rather than focus on stock prices. They are not interested in share repurchase. Finally, there are little relative studies examine the relationship between share repurchase and taxation with UK companies. Literature Review 4.1 Introduction This search focuses on share repurchase and taxation among UK companies. Bibliographic database used were Business Source Premier (EBSCO), Econo Lit with Full Text (EBSCO), JSTOR Business, Psyc ARTICLES (CSA), Science Direct and Swets Wise. The details of these and full text database were searched in Table 1. The total numbers of retrieved articles were 30. Keywords used were dividend, share repurchase, buybacks, payout policy, dividend policy, taxation and regulation with limited to academic journals and non-academic articles on the last 20 years. 4.2 Motivations of share buy backs There are number of reasons a firm repurchase stock. First, Share repurchase could improve the retained profits. Because when companies purchase their own shares, the remaining number of shares left in the public will lower. The reduction of shares in the public means the earning per share will increase even the profits remain the same. So when companys share price undervalued, repurchasing shares may still result in a strong return on investment. Secondly, firms may use share repurchase announcements to signal the market that their shares are undervalued and the positive stock price reaction at the announcement of share repurchase should correct the misevaluations (Dann, 1981; Vermaelen, 1981). However, Ikenberry, Lakonishok, and Vermaelen (1995) argued that this increase may not be sufficient to correct the misevaluations, particularly in the open market share repurchase- programs. According to Stephens and Weisbachs (1998) study, they investigated on 450 open-market share repurchase programs in the U.S. between 1981 and 1990. They found that between 74% and 82% of the shares targeted at the time of announcement are later repurchased and this actual share buybacks are negatively related to stock price performance after the stock repurchase. Thirdly, share repurchase may increase the leverage ratio. The leverage ratio will increase when a firm distributes its capital. Therefore, assuming that an optimal leverage ratio exists, a firm may more likely to buy back their own shares when their leverage ration is below the target ratios (Bagwell Shoven, 1988). Fourthly, companies where there are few opportunities for growth, share repurchase may the possible way to improve the earning per share in order to meet executives or managers targets. Thus, companies structures may affect their decisions to buy back own shares. Finally, share repurchase make a takeover more expensive. Because share buybacks avoid the accumulated amount of cash in the firm, when a firm with a strong cash position but needs limited spending on capital will accumulate cash on balance sheet, therefore, it make the firm more attractive for takeover. However, recent studies shown share repurchases are only benefit shareholders wealth in the short term, but do not add any long term value to the company (Guay and Harford, 2000). Eberhart and Siddique (2003) did a survey based on 7,079 share repurchase programs between 1981 and 1995. The results showed that after the share buybacks, there were a slightly increase in the number of share outstanding. Often the share purchases in the share buybacks programs are used for employee stock options and stock grants. As one article suggested, share repurchases in general are just à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“backdoor compensationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? for company employees (Henry, 2006:74). 4.3 Taxation with share repurchases Tax changes have a major impact on share repurchase. Study shows that in 1994, there were significant increases in the number of open-market stock repurchasing programs cause by the introduction of tax-favored agency share repurchase programs (Vermaelen Rau, 2002). Grullon and Michaely (2000) also find that the differential tax between capital gains and dividends is a significant determinant of the market reaction to share repurchase announcement. Grullon and Michaely (2002) pointed that in the U.S., corporations start to substitute share repurchases for dividends because capital gains are taxed at more favorable rates than ordinary income. They found that even in 1986, the Tax Reform Act greatly reduced the relative tax advantage of capital gains, but there was still a significant positive difference between the marginal rate on ordinary income and the marginal rate on capital gains. Raghavendra and Vermaelen (2002) studied on the relationship between taxation and share buybacks among the UK companies. In their studies, the result showed that buyback activity increased significantly when the agency buybacks introduced during 1990 to 1998 in the UK. This consistent with the hypothesis that taxation has a significant effect on share buybacks. Moreover, they also pointed that the ability of pension fund to recover dividend credits has a major impact on the buyback activity in the UK (Raghavendra and Vermaelen, 2002). However, some researchers have argued that taxes alone do not explain the extent of repurchases activity in the U.S. Brav at al (2005) stated that managers view tax considerations as of second important factor in the choice if disbursement mechanism. Ikenberry et al (2004) suggested that since the tax changed in 2003 in the U.S., the dividend had increased significantly. He also pointed that although dividends in the U.S. remain slightly tax disadvantages, that due to the delay of the capital gains by the investors. However, based on the results from research conducted in the U.S., the extent to whether the taxation dominant the managers decisions announce share repurchase rather than dividends is still an unresolved issue. 4.4 Regulation framework in the UK In order to better understanding the effect between taxation and share repurchase among the UK. It is important to develop our knowledge in the legal and tax frameworks governing U.K. share buybacks, moreover, to recognize the difference between these frameworks and those in the U.S. In The UK, share buybacks allow the company to manipulate its stock price. In order to avoid the share repurchase reduce creditors benefits, the Companies Act states that only distributable profits or the proceeds of fresh issue of share can be used to finance the purchase. Moreover, the companies are not allowed to announce share repurchase programs during the period when directors are not allowed to trade in their companys shares. This means that in the UK, share repurchases are not allowed in the 2 month period preceding the publication of annual earnings. Finally, compare with the U.S., in the UK, share repurchase are much less flexible tool for capital management. All the firms buy-backed shares may ask to cancelled, because the UK regulators more concerned about the preemption rights of shareholders (Vermaelen Rau, 2002). Not like in the U.S., the regulators more concern about the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“treasury stockà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, such as repurchased shares can be re-issued without s hareholder approval (Vermaelen Rau, 2002). Conclusion There are various reasons for firms to announced share repurchase, although share buyback activity become extremely popular in the U.S., but the UK repurchase scene is different from the U.S. scene in many respects. Although the UK is the European country where buybacks are most popular, but it is still relatively small numbers of share repurchase programs announced compare with the U.S., where about 100 U.S. firms announce open-market share buybacks each month. However, the UK taxation system may make share repurchase less attractive than they are in the United Stated. What the impact of taxation system on share repurchase announcement among UK companies? How these impacts affect UK companies in last 20 years? Which industry is more likely to announce share repurchase program? The proposed research will review the potential relationship between taxation and share repurchase among UK companies. 5 Research Method 5.1 Desk Based Research The desk based research used to my study. Because desk based research is very useful to get a broad understanding of the topics and is relatively easy to use (Bryman and Bell, 2003). The data usually used in desk based research is referred to as secondary and includes collecting information from third party sources such as company website, magazine articles, books, journals, published statistics and marketing research reports (Collis Hussey, 2003). There are many advantages to using secondary research. This includes the relative ease of access to many sources of secondary data with little or no cost to acquire. The use of secondary research may help researcher to clarify the research question and help align the focus of large scale primary research. However, there are also some disadvantages of using secondary research. Sometimes, secondary data may not presented in a form that exactly meets the researchers need and the research may not get the full details of the research to gain t he full value of the study. Moreover, with companies competing in fast moving industries, the secondary research may out of date have little or no relevance to the current market situation. 5.2 Reasons of using Desk Based Research There are several reasons for me use desk based research. First, there is a tremendous amount of literature available, but limited studies focus on the taxation and share repurchase among UK companies. Therefore, the desk based research may help me to limit the articles to focus on my research topics. Second, the desk based research may possible to obtain companies annual report and account from companies websites. Because the UK Companies Act (2006) requires all quoted companies to publish their annual reports available on their website. (CA S430). Finally, in order to explore the relationship between taxation and share repurchase among UK over 20 years. The specific data need to be obtained, such as market-to-book ratio, return in capital employed, equity to debt ratio, market value. All of that information could obtain through on-line data base, such as Data Stream, which can be used in Aston Universitys library. However, some of the information may out of date or the results may not be directly related to UK companies situation. And the amounts of information available may be very limited. Also, due to the lack of study on relationship between taxation and share buybacks under UK taxation system, it is difficult to find sufficient sources from limited useful information. 5.3 Sample Section and Analysis Method The company shares repurchase announcement information been collected between 1 January 1999 and 31 December 2009. The information obtained from various ways, including London Stock Exchange (LSE) online service, UK-wire Company Announcement service, news articles from the Financial Times. The independent variables of stock returns and data have been provided by DataStream. Moreover, the data and sample had to satisfy the following criteria: The repurchase must exclusively be ordinary shares The firms is listed in the UK Repurchases announced during the last quarter of 2001 are excluded to dampen the volatility effects of 11 September 2001. Only the first announcement of share repurchase programme is included. The sample includes all open market share repurchases, private repurchases Descriptive statistics of the repurchases and independent variables used in this study to summarize and organize the companies repurchase data. Then, the main tax regimes divided into four equal periods during the sample period. The repurchases announcement data will be analyzed into the four tax periods. The correlation matrix on the variables will be needed to analyze whether there is the correlation between companys stock returns and share repurchase. Finally, the result will be interpreted and presented. Ethical issues The following ethical issues will be conducted with this research: Recode the data and results accurately Follow the Aston University rules on plagiarism Describe and discuss the research result objectively Task List Task Problems Solutions Obtain journals and literatures about firms dividend policies, share repurchase and taxation Tremendous amount of literature need to reviewed Limit search to articles that study on share repurchase within UK companies Obtain the information about the firms announced share repurchase programs within the UK for last 20 years Relatively small data need collect from numerous information Limit the research to companies announced share buybacks listed by data stream between 1989 and 2009 in the UK Create a list of relative UK companies Which company should include The company announced share repurchase over million Obtain the information about taxation and regulation changes over last 20 years in the UK A lot literatures need to reviewed Limit search to articles about taxation and regulation changes in last 20 years Find the impact of taxation change for share repurchases activity A limit studies/result on this area, especially for UK companies. Analyze the data on my own, use the statistical methods to explore the relationship between taxation and firms payout policies. Write up report Easy to exceed 15000 word limit Work with supervisor to only include the most relevant information Review the dissertation before the submit it Easy to make some grammar, spelling mistakes. Ask my friend read it, see whether the dissertation make sense for them. Help me to find the grammar mistake.

Essay --

Rebecca Pierce Professor Engbers ENGL 230 13 December 2013 Creative Portfolio Author Statements Free Verse Poem Free verse is a type of poetry in which is referred to as poetry that does not have any consistent meter patterns, rhyme scheme or rhythm scheme, or any other type of pattern applied. There is no specific length that is has to be either. One would tend to view free verse poetry as if it were someone speaking. By having a free verse poem, it allows the reader to have a better understanding of what the poem is about. The various structures that a poem can take on sometimes can take away and distract from the meaning and intention of the poem. In this poem, there isn’t much imagery for the imagery would take away from the meaning of the poem. As an author, it is important to use figurative language to create sentences that show and not tell. Within this poem, there is an attempt to capture and convey meaning through the emotion that is presented in the phrases. There was a hope that there would be a strong impression left with the reader as well. While the poem reflects many as pects of free verse poetry is displayed, it isn’t the best that could have been done. More metaphors and similes could have been used to better create the phrases. Also, while there was an attempt to make it like spoken words, there still seems to be a rhythm taste to it. There were many changes that were made to poem from the help of peer reviews to try and remove that rhythm aspect that it had but with all those changes, it didn’t seem to disappear. Sonnet Sonnets are yet another form of poetry that is out there. A sonnet usually consists of fourteen lines and have iambic pentameter. There are many different rhyme schemes in which these... ...nto it as well. â€Å"Come over here, Buddy We are going on an adventure!† Excited she ran after me. It was as if she could actually understand me. I took one final look into my hideout before I shut the door, for wherever I was going or headed, I surely wasn’t going to be returning. Even though I spent most of my time down there being afraid of dying, it was the only safe place I could go and I will miss that place. It had been my home for so long, and probably was where I would have been spending the rest of my short lived life if I hadn’t felt this sense of uneasiness. I sighed deeply, and began shutting the door. â€Å"Calm down, Buddy†, I muttered as he was barking at something. He had a tendency to bark at objects and things that actually never existed, so I didn’t think twice about it. However when I turned around, I laid my eyes on something, or rather yet someone.